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Telemaco Signorini ((:teˈlɛːmako siɲɲoˈriːni); August 18, 1835 – February 1, 1901) was an Italian artist who belonged to the group known as the Macchiaioli. He was born in the Santa Croce quarter of Florence, and showed an early inclination toward the study of literature, but with the encouragement of his father, Giovanni Signorini, a court painter for the Grand Duke of Tuscany, he decided instead to study painting.〔Steingräber, E., & Matteucci, G. 1984, p. 115〕 In 1852 he enrolled at the Florentine Academy, and by 1854 he was painting landscapes en plein air. The following year he exhibited for the first time, showing paintings inspired by the works of Walter Scott and Machiavelli at the Florentine Promotrice.〔 In 1855, he began frequenting the Caffè Michelangiolo in Florence, where he met Giovanni Fattori, Silvestro Lega, Saverio Altamura and several other Tuscan artists who would soon be dubbed the Macchiaioli. The Macchiaioli, dissatisfied with the antiquated conventions taught by the Italian academies of art, started painting outdoors in order to capture natural light, shade, and color. They were forerunners of the Impressionists who, beginning in the 1860s, would pursue similar aims in France. Signorini was a volunteer in the Second Italian War of Independence in 1859, and afterwards painted military scenes which he exhibited in 1860 and 1861. He made his first trip outside Italy in 1861 when he visited Paris, to which he would often return in the decades that followed. There he met Degas and a group of expatriate Italian artists in his orbit, including Giovanni Boldini, Giuseppe De Nittis, and Federico Zandomeneghi; unlike them, however, Signorini remained rooted in Italy.〔Broude 1987, pp. 136-137〕 He became not only one of the leading painters of the Macchiaioli, but also their leading polemicist. Art historian Giuliano Matteucci has written: "If we acknowledge Fattori and Lega as the major creative figures of the ''macchiaioli'', then Signorini must surely be recognized as their 'deus ex machina'", describing his role as "that of catalyst and energetic doctrinarian. In transforming attention away from history painting and the academic portrait towards a new poetical interpretation of natural landscape, the part of Signorini was of fundamental consequence to ''macchiaioli'' painting."〔Steingräber, E., & Matteucci, G. 1984, p. 36〕 His presence at exhibitions was frequent and prolific. In 1860, at the Promotrice of Florence, he exhibited seven paintings, including ''I Toscani a Calcinato''. In 1861, he sent to Turin a somewhat polemical ''Il ghetto of Venice''. In 1865, he exhibited ''Le pazze''. In 1869 he made a series of etchings, and visited Paris for the second time.〔 In 1870, at the Expositions of Parma and the Promotrice of Florence, he exhibited ''The November'' which received a prize. In 1873, he traveled to Paris and London with De Nittis. Signorini exhibited ''Fuori porta Arianna a Ravenna'' at the Expositions of Naples in 1877. His painting ''L'alzaia'' (completed in the 1860s) won awards at the Expositions of Vienna of 1874. In 1880, he exhibited in Turin the painting depicting ''The Ponte Vecchio''. In 1881, he traveled to paint in Scotland. At the 1882 Promotrice of Florence, he displayed ''The Ghetto of Florence'' and ''Riomaggiore''. In 1883: ''Princes Street'' in Edinburgh; ''A Primi Castagnaio e Adolescenza'', the latter also exhibited Turin in 1884, along with the canvas of the ghetto. At the 1885 Promotrice in Florence, he exhibited ''Sole di sera a Settignano''; ''Morning Sun''; ''Sunday at Riomaggiore''; ''Santa Croce da Via de' Malcontenti''; ''Fra gli ulivi''; ''Midday in Country''; ''To Settignano''; ''Morning sul greto dell' Arno''; ''Bigherinale di Settignano''; ''Nell'orto''; ''Presso il tramonto''; ''Piancastagnaio nel Monte Amiata''; ''August Sun''; ''Baccano in Arcola''; ''Autunno nei campi''; ''Via degli Speziali al Mercato Vecchio, Florence''; seven Vedute dell' Isle of Elba, and many studies completed in Pietramala; Arcola in Val di Magra, and a portrait of a Lorenzo Grassi, also called ''Mago Chiò''. At the Exposition of Livorno he had three canvases; at 1887 Venice, six paintings. Signorini was also a passionate art critic, and published in art journals and literature. He published a series of 99 sonnets titled ''Le 99 discussioni artistiche di E. G. Moltenì''. In 1882, he was nominated professor of the Florentine Academy but declined the appointment.〔(‘‘Dizionario degli Artisti Italiani Viventi: pittori, scultori, e Architetti.’’ ), by Angelo de Gubernatis. Tipe dei Successori Le Monnier, 1889, page 475-476.〕 Among his most notable paintings are ''The Ward of the Madwomen at S. Bonifazio in Florence'' (1865, Venice, Gallery of Modern Art in Cà Pesaro); ''Bagno Penale a Portoferraio'' (ca. 1890, Florence, Gallery of Modern Art in Palazzo Pitti), which portrays the well-known brigand Carmine Crocco during his imprisonment; and ''Leith'' (1881, Florence, Gallery of Modern Art in Palazzo Pitti). The latter, a street scene observed on a trip to Scotland, is predominantly gray in tonality, but dominated by a brightly colored Rob Roy whiskey billboard on the side of a building. Art historian Norma Broude has written of ''Leith'': On the formal level, certainly, the Rob Roy sign arrests our attention and plays with our expectations here as audaciously as a collage element in an early twentieth-century cubist composition. What permitted and encouraged Signorini's experimentation in this remarkably precocious and unprecedented manner was unquestionably the experience of photography ... For with his vision conditioned by that experience, he could accept—as the eye of the camera accepts— what artists before him would normally have pruned or screened out of their interpretations of such a scene.〔Broude 1987, pp. 142-143〕 The influence of photography is often suggested by the asymmetrical compositions of Signorini's works, and his late etchings of street scenes reveal additional influences: those of Japanese art, and Whistler, in their simplifications of shape, atmospheric effects, and flattened treatment of space. He taught at the Instituto Superiore di Belle Arti in Florence beginning in 1892. Signorini died in Florence on February 1, 1901. Sulle colline a Settignano.jpg|''Hills in Settignano'' Telemaco Signorini, La Via del fuoco, 1881 circa 38,8x65cm.jpg|''La Via del fuoco'', 1881 Telemaco Signorini, Mercato Vecchio a Firenze 1882-83 39x65,5 cm.jpg|''Mercato Vecchio in Florence'', 1882-83 Telemaco Signorini, Il ghetto di Firenze, 1882, 95x65 cm.jpg|''Ghetto of Florence'', 1882 Bagno penale a Portoferraio.jpg|''Bath for Prisoners in Portoferraio'', 1890 ==References== *Broude, Norma (1987). ''The Macchiaioli: Italian Painters of the Nineteenth Century''. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-03547-0 *Steingräber, E., & Matteucci, G. (1984). ''The Macchiaioli: Tuscan Painters of the Sunlight : March 14-April 20, 1984''. New York: Stair Sainty Matthiesen in association with Matthiesen, London. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Telemaco Signorini」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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